StudentShare
Contact Us
Sign In / Sign Up for FREE
Search
Go to advanced search...
Free

Type 1 Diabetes and Enteroviral Infections - Essay Example

Cite this document
Summary
The author of the paper "Type 1 Diabetes and Enteroviral Infections|" argues in a well-organized manner that type 1 diabetes affects people of all ages, but mainly occurs in children or young adults, leading them to a lifetime of insulin injections to control the hormonal imbalance…
Download full paper File format: .doc, available for editing
GRAB THE BEST PAPER96.3% of users find it useful
Type 1 Diabetes and Enteroviral Infections
Read Text Preview

Extract of sample "Type 1 Diabetes and Enteroviral Infections"

The cause of type 1 diabetes has always been linked to genetic predisposition. However, recent studies suggest that enteroviruses, specifically Coxsackie B enteroviruses (CVB) and an enteroviral capsid protein, vp1, may be contributing to the onset of Type 1 diabetes.

Following up on the said studies, Richardson et al. (2) collected 72 pancreatic autopsy tissues from patients with recent-onset Type 1 diabetes mellitus along with 161 controls.  These samples were immunostained for insulin, glucagon, vp1, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase R (PKR), and MHC class 1.  VP1staining was restricted to insulin-containing beta cells (Ibid 1).

The results of the experiment showed the presence of vp1-immunopositive cells in multiple islets, 44 out of 72, from young, recent-onset, Type 1 diabetic patients, compared with just three islets out of 50 specimens from neonatal and pediatric normal controls.  

Dako antiserum in vp1 immunostaining was used because of its specificity in labeling vp1 immunopositive cells, especially when it comes to Islet of Langerhans cells. Another consideration was that polyclonal antisera raised against enteroviruses often cross-react with tyrosine phosphatase (IA-2) and heat shock protein (hsp-60). However, the study results show that cross-reaction does not occur with Dako antiserum as IA-2 is present in both alpha cells and beta cells.  As well, the results showed no minimal alpha cells were stained.

PKR immunostaining was also done since PKR is a protein upregulated in response to enteroviral infections like CVB4. A strong correlation was found between PKR and vp1 immunopositivity which supports the findings that Dako antiserum is indicative of a persistent enteroviral infection.  Two other antisera were used but the results using these were not conclusive.

Results of the experiment have also linked vp1 infection to type 2 diabetes even if there is no autoimmunity. Since PKR production is a response of the infected endocrine cells to the disease, the outcome may be decreased insulin secretion.  Reckoning with obesity as a predisposing factor, one may then expect adult-onset, Type 2 diabetes as a result.

The paper presented a major diagnostic breakthrough that contrasted sharply with the longstanding notion about genetic predisposition being virtually the only explanation for the onset of Type 1 diabetes. The study revolutionizes the way diabetes will henceforth be treated and preventive measures can now be taken. The development of a vaccine for enteroviral infections can lead to a reduction in juvenile diabetes cases worldwide. A breakthrough like this may well be worthy of a Nobel prize.

Read More
Cite this document
  • APA
  • MLA
  • CHICAGO
(“HUMAN DISEASE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words”, n.d.)
Retrieved from https://studentshare.org/environmental-studies/1419320-human-disease
(HUMAN DISEASE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 Words)
https://studentshare.org/environmental-studies/1419320-human-disease.
“HUMAN DISEASE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 Words”, n.d. https://studentshare.org/environmental-studies/1419320-human-disease.
  • Cited: 0 times

CHECK THESE SAMPLES OF Type 1 Diabetes and Enteroviral Infections

Diabetes type 1

Diabetes Type 1 Introduction type 1 diabetes usually affects children.... Lack of insulin resulting from damaged beta cells causes a series of results, which are observed as symptoms of type 1 diabetes.... This research paper analyzes the role of technology in the diagnosis and management of type 1 diabetes.... Diagnosis and Treatment According to Alemzadeh, early diagnosis management of type 1 diabetes is the most appropriate procedure for dealing with the problem (32)....
5 Pages (1250 words) Research Paper

Diabetes Type 1

Approximately one in every 400 to 600 children and adolescents currently has type 1 diabetes.... type 1 diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), also known as insulin-dependent DM, childhood DM, or juvenile-onset DM, most commonly presents in children and adolescents.... The etiology of T1DM type 1 diabetes is the result of the loss of?... This research paper "Diabetes type 1" perfectly demonstrates that one hundred seventy-six thousand and five hundred people under the age of 20 years had diabetes in 2005, which accounts for 0....
11 Pages (2750 words) Research Paper

Opportunistic Microbial Infections

OPPORTUNISTIC MICROBIAL infections Introduction Microorganisms present in the healthy body are collectively termed as normal flora.... The negative effects of normal microbial flora are that they are “major causes of opportunistic infections that develop under permissive conditions”1 of lowered host defences and immunocompromisation.... Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to examine “opportunistic” microbial infections; and to investigate examples for bacterial, parasitic and viral opportunistic infections, and the factors that shift the host-pathogen balance to favour the infection....
4 Pages (1000 words) Essay

Purification of Bovine Lactoferricin from Cows Milk

Among the many constituents of milk which have revealed antimicrobial activity, lactoferrin exhibits both bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against a wide array of microorganisms, including those causing gastroenteric infections, food poisoning, listeriosis and mastitis (Dionysius et al....
14 Pages (3500 words) Research Paper

Sexual and Urologic problems in patients with Type 1 Diabetes

Type-2 diabetes mellitus is the most common type of diabetes and It occurs due to a combination of peripheral resistance to insulin action and an inadequate secretory response by the beta cells.... Type-1 diabetes mellitus occurs commonly in younger people.... However, since the onset of hyperglycemia earlier in type- 1 diabetes, complications are more severe and occur at a much early age than those with diabetes type-2.... In type-1 diabetes, there is either absence, destruction or loss of beta cells leading to inadequate insulin production....
12 Pages (3000 words) Essay

Enterovirus D68

According to statistics, most of the infections in US occur during the late summer and fall.... Enterovirus D68 abbreviated as EV-D68 is a rare type of non-polio enterovirus that causes severe to mild respiratory illness.... In the US, an approximate estimate of 10 to 15 million individuals gets an enterovirus infection every year....
6 Pages (1500 words) Research Paper

Coxsackie Viruses A and B

There are twenty-nine different kinds of Coxsackievirus identified so far, of which twenty-three belong to the group A type of virus, and six to the group B type of virus.... The Coxsackieviruses are divided into two groups called group A and group B, depending on the type of lesions that they produce in suckling mice....
5 Pages (1250 words) Case Study

An Exploration of Genes, Inheritance and Gene Therapy for Diabetes

The author outlines the current situation in the advancement of gene therapy, the malfunctioning genes in both type 1 and ty2 diabetes.... The exact pattern of inheritance remains uncertain although type 1 is suggestively mendelian with a juvenile-onset.... This work called "An Exploration of Genes, Inheritance, and Gene Therapy for diabetes" focuses on the concept of genetic information.... Currently, gene therapy is being researched to treat diabetes which predominates among the first degree relatives of the affected....
6 Pages (1500 words) Essay
sponsored ads
We use cookies to create the best experience for you. Keep on browsing if you are OK with that, or find out how to manage cookies.
Contact Us